HomeCareersContact MetagenicsAbout UsSite Index
Search for:
Examples: 'ultrameal', 'ultrainflamx 360', 'inflam*'

Improving Health Through Knowledge

Our mission of "improving health by helping people achieve their genetic potential through nutrition" means more to us than just manufacturing high quality nutraceuticals-it also means education.

This section contains a rich library of frequently asked questions about nutrition, Metagenics' position papers, and the Nutrition Resource Library-a virtual encyclopedia of natural medicine. The answers to your nutritional questions are here.

Vitamins, Minerals & Herbs

Diet

Action & Form

Safety

Drug Interaction

Pregnancy

Manufacturing & Quality

Animal-Derived Ingredients

Bioavailability

Cost

Inactive Manufacturing Ingredients—Excipients, Fillers & Binders

Expiration Dates

Quality

Stearic Acid

Tablets & Capsules

Conditions

Anxiety

Osteoarthritis

Osteoporosis

Nutrients

Amino Acids

Antioxidants

Boron

Calcium

Canola Oil

Fish Oil

Glucosamine & Chondroitin

Glutamine

Huperzine A

Indole-3-Carbinole

Licorice

Methyl-Sulfonyl-Methane (MSM)

Microcrystalline Hydroxyapatite Concentrate (MCHC)

Myo-inositol

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)

Perilla

Policosanol

Probiotics

Proline-Rich Polypeptide (PRP) Complex

Vitamin D

Zinc-Carnosine

Dosing & Recommendations

Glycemic Index

Vitamins & Minerals

Diet

Q: Why can't I get everything I need from my diet?

A: There are several reasons for this. First, remember that as a society, our dietary habits have changed over the past couple of generations. A healthy diet consists of plenty of fruits and vegetables and whole grains. Fruits and vegetables should be preferably fresh. Fresh frozen is still good, but not as good as "off the farm" fresh! Recent studies indicate that the majority of meals in the U.S. are eaten in restaurants rather than in the home. Restaurant food tends to be too high in fat and sugar. Additionally, convenience foods now make up a much higher percentage of the average diet than they did in the past. In some people well over 60% of their food is from so-called "empty" calorie foods (candy, sweets, chips, or other highly processed foods that contain very little real nutritional value other than calories). Remember that the more highly processed a food is, the more likely it is to have a low nutritional value.

Another factor is the high stresses found in today's fast-paced and busy life. The greater the external stresses, the higher the nutritional demands on the body. Eating a poor-quality diet robs you of the nutritional factors necessary to help you stay healthy.

Lastly, many people are simply unaware of how to shop for healthy foods. Convenience and taste become the major criteria for food selection, while nutritional value is given little attention, if any at all.

Many nutritional researchers point to the rising problems of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and other diseases of modern society as evidence of the deteriorating quality of the diet most people consume. If you have questions about your diet, it is important that you discuss them with your healthcare provider on your next visit.

Q: Where do vitamins come from?

A: Vitamins are substances found in food that are required by your body to convert the food into energy. Since we cannot manufacture these substances, we need to get them from our diet. Unfortunately, the foods that many of us choose to eat have had most of the vitamins processed out. As many as thirty or forty vitamins and minerals may be taken out of our food; "enriched" foods may have a dozen added back. Generally the richest source of vitamins and minerals comes from fresh fruits, vegetables, and grains. The worst sources are snack foods such as candy, chips, or highly-processed white flour bread or bakery items. While these may be okay in small quantities, they make up a significant proportion of many diets, which may put people at risk to nutritional deficiencies.

Q: Why is it necessary to take vitamin supplements to be healthy?

A: The simplest answer is because most people eat a poor diet. Studies show that the average diet in the U.S. consists of too much fat, too much sugar, not enough fiber, and not enough fresh fruits and vegetables. We are eating plenty of calories, but they are often "empty" calories, meaning that they have very low levels of the essential vitamins and minerals we need to stay healthy. Since the majority of meals in the U.S. are currently eaten in restaurants or "on the run" it makes good sense to take a vitamin supplement to fill in the gaps in our diet.

While it is important to remember the value of a nutritional supplement in maintaining health, we should never think that taking a supplement replaces a good diet. In other words, the first and most important step is to improve the quality of the diet, and then take a supplement as a nutritional insurance policy.

Q: In order to stay healthy, what is a good basic supplement program?

A: Each person is unique, so each person's nutritional needs would also be unique. A prudent course of action to stay healthy would begin with eating a healthy diet. This means to avoid highly processed foods (candies, snack foods, convenience foods) or foods high in refined sugar or flour, as these tend to have low levels of important vitamins and minerals. A high quality multiple vitamin/mineral supplement is helpful to "fill in the gaps" in the diet. While other nutrients also may be helpful, it is important to remember your individuality and discuss the specific additional nutrients you might need with your nutritionally oriented healthcare practitioner.

Q: What is a "mega"vitamin?

A: A megavitamin is the term applied to a nutritional supplement that contains levels of vitamins and minerals much higher than what would normally be obtained from your diet.

Q: How are herbs different from drugs?

A: Drugs are made of a single, isolated compound that is generally patented, manufactured, and "owned" by a company. Herbs are made from plants, and generally cannot be owned by a company since their original source is in nature and is freely available. An additional and very important difference is in the way they work in the body. Generally, drugs have a specific mode of action, meaning that they work on a specific chemical reaction in the body (and stronger drugs have a greater potential for adverse effects). Herbs may also have certain adverse effects, but since their method of action is much gentler the adverse effects (if any) tend to be mild and resolve quickly.

When drugs and herbs are taken together, the effects of that combination may sometimes be difficult to predict. For that reason it is very important that you discuss with your healthcare provider any drugs, herbs, or vitamins you are taking-especially if you are pregnant or nursing.

Q: Why would herbs be supplied in combination blends?

A: Historically, the people who studied, catalogued and used herbs in treating people would use them in combinations. Traditional herbalists knew which combinations of herbs, when prepared in certain ways, would yield the results they were interested in. An herbalist would take several different plants, prepare them together as a tea, poultice, blend of dried powders, etc. and administer them. Drawing on this rich history of application improves can improve the successes of modern treatments as well.

Return to Top

Action & Form

Q: What do vitamins do in the body?

A: In order to accomplish all of the thousands of day-to-day functions of your body, the food you eat every day must be converted into energy and raw materials (building blocks for muscles, bones, ligaments enzymes, hormones, and so on). To do all this, vitamins are required. Since humans lack the ability to manufacture these critical nutrients in our bodies, we have to get them in our diet.

Generally, vitamins perform 3 major functions:

  • They are "cofactors" and catalysts for enzymes, which means they are required for the enzymes to do their jobs. The B-complex vitamins B1 and B2, for example are required for every function in the body that requires production of energy-which means every function!
  • They act as antioxidants, which means they prevent highly reactive molecules called free radicals from damaging delicate cell membrane structure. Vitamins C and E are powerful antioxidants, protecting cell membranes from free radicals.
  • They act as "pre-hormones." For example, vitamin D functions as a hormone to facilitate calcium uptake and utilization.

Q: What do minerals do in the body?

A: Minerals have very many important functions-life could not exist without them. Iron is required for the manufacture of the chemical hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood to all the cells of the body. Calcium is necessary for strong bones, and for transmission of messages within cells and from cell to cell. Magnesium is required for production of energy from the food you eat, and a selenium-containing molecule protects the body from damage by free radicals.

Q: What are colloidal minerals?

A: A "colloid" is a chemical description of a gel-like suspension. Therefore, colloidal minerals would be a blend of minerals found in some form of suspension or solution. Generally, commercially available colloidal minerals are produced from mining ancient sea beds, and then mixing the mined minerals with water or other fluid to hold them in solution. While these products provide a large number of minerals, there is no credible scientific evidence to support marketing claims for superior absorption or bioavailability. They may even contain relatively high levels of unwanted minerals such as aluminum, lead, or mercury (which of are naturally occurring), or other contaminants.

While it is definitely true that optimal health depends upon an adequate intake of all essential nutrients, fewer than 20 minerals are currently known to be essential for humans. The exact role of other trace elements, as well as our intake of these micronutrients from food, remains to be clarified. A better solution than consuming expensive and unproven products would be to eat a healthy diet, made up of lots of mineral-rich vegetables and whole grains.

Q: What makes amino acid chelated minerals better than other types of minerals?

A: In order to be absorbed, minerals, whether from foods or in supplements, have to be combined with a "carrier" molecule. When this molecule is a fragment of protein (an amino acid), and the mineral amino acid compound forms a stable molecule, it is referred to as an amino acid chelate. Because the body is very efficient at absorbing amino acids, chelated minerals are more easily transported across the intestinal wall than are non-chelated minerals.

Q: What makes urine change color when I take a multivitamin?

A: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) causes urine to become a bright yellow when consumed in relatively high amounts.

Return to Top

Safety

Q: Are vitamins predictably safe to take?

A: Generally, yes, in the ranges that most vitamins are available as supplements. Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat soluble and water soluble. The water soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) cannot be stored by the body, so they are generally quite safe, even in quantities higher than you would normally get in your diet. The fat soluble vitamins such as vitamins A or D can be stored by the body, so it is possible to build up a level that could be harmful. It is therefore important that you discuss ALL your vitamin consumption with your healthcare provider, to make sure you are getting the optimal amount for your health while not running the risk of taking more than would be safe for you. It is also important to consider if your nutritional supplements are made in facilities certified for Good Manufacturing Practices.

Q: Are minerals predictably safe to take?

A: While the levels of most vitamins and minerals recommended by your healthcare practitioner are considered predictably safe, remember that too much of anything can be potentially harmful. Even such life-sustaining things as water and sunlight have an upper limit of safety. While certain minerals such as calcium are generally quite safe even when taken in relatively high amounts, your body's requirements for other minerals such as iron or selenium are much lower and therefore have a smaller safety range as well. Be sure and inform your healthcare provider of all supplements, herbs or medications you are taking so the optimal levels can be determined for you, including an adequate safety margin. . It is also important to consider if your nutritional supplements are made in facilities certified for Good Manufacturing Practices.

Q: Are herbs predictably safe to take?

A: Most herbs, when used according to longstanding herbal traditions, are not only effective but have a history of predicted safety. Herbs have been used in the treatment and support of human health for thousands of years. During that time much has been learned about what herbs can do, how to prepare them, and which herbs are to be used for what purposes. In the hands of an experienced and qualified professional, herbs can work wonders! But herbs contain complex chemicals that, when used improperly, can cause harm as well. It is important to remember that the fact that herbs do work also means that they cause chemical changes in the body (that's how they work) and that sometimes those changes may not be what is desired. Caution is particularly advised during pregnancy, when taking herbs and pharmaceutical medications together, or when taking herbs for extended periods of time. For these reasons, it is always advisable to discuss all herbs or supplements you are taking (or consider taking) with your healthcare practitioner. Selection of herbs also influences safety, as well as the manufacturing of products containing those herbs. See Pure & Safe Ingredients and GMP-Certified Manufacturing for more information.

Q: Can I hurt myself by overdosing on vitamins?

A: Everything has a range of safety, which also means that there is a potential (however small) that enough could be taken to become harmful. For example, even water and sunlight, which are essential for life, can become harmful if taken in extremely large quantities or for too long a time. In the case of most vitamins, the amounts used in supplements have been shown in repeated studies to show predicted safety. But because there is the possibility of taking "too much of a good thing," it is important to discuss with your healthcare provider ALL supplements (and the amounts of each) you are taking, so your specific health goals can be properly met.

Q: Can herbs be taken with prescription drugs?

A: In general, herbs should not be taken with prescription drugs without the supervision of a healthcare provider. Herbs have been used for supporting health for literally thousands of years. However, herbs are complex compounds containing dozens of different chemicals. When combined with very powerful pharmaceutical drugs there is always the possibility of an effect other than what is desired. For this reason it is always important to discuss any combination of herbs, vitamins, and prescription drugs you are thinking of taking with your healthcare provider.

Return to Top

Drug Interaction

Q: Can I take probiotics if I am on an antibiotic?

A: Antibiotics can't tell the difference between friendly and unfriendly bacteria. If you take antibiotics at the same time as probiotics (friendly bacteria), the probiotics may be killed off. But also remember that one of the side effects of antibiotic use is diarrhea, which is believed to be related to the loss of friendly bacteria due to the antibiotics. To try to prevent that, many people take probiotics during the time they take antibiotics, but they space the dosages of the two apart by at least one to two hours. Before you try this for yourself, however be sure and discuss it with your healthcare provider.

Q: I am taking lithium, and have heard that myo-inositol might be good for control of depression as well. Is it alright to take them together?

A: Not without specifically discussing this question with your healthcare provider. In this case, myo-inositol may reduce or diminish the effects of lithium. You should always discuss any medications, nutritional supplements, or herbs with healthcare provider to ensure maximum benefit to you. Be sure and bring up this and any other nutritional or medical questions with your healthcare practitioner.

Q: I've heard that calcium can interfere with certain prescription drugs. Is this true?

A: Certain drugs and nutrients may interact and, in effect, reduce the strength of the drug-and even the nutrient. For this reason it is important to always discuss with your healthcare provider all the different vitamins, minerals, herbs, and especially drugs you are taking.

Q: Are there any drug interactions with perilla seed?

A: None known.

Q: Does zinc-carnosine interfere with antibiotic therapy?

A: Actually, zinc-carnosine has been scientifically shown to enhance the benefits of antibiotic therapy in H. pylori eradication.

Q: Are there any drug interactions with policosanol?

A: Policosanol is contraindicated with blood pressure and anticoagulant/antiplatelet (blood thinning) medications. Consult your healthcare provider if you are taking any prescription or over-the-counter medications before use.

Return to Top

Pregnancy

Q: Are vitamins generally recommended during pregnancy?

A: Most vitamins are generally regarded as safe during pregnancy. In fact, that is precisely the time when they are most needed! Not only must the diet support the mother's health and vitality, but that of her developing baby as well. A deficiency of certain nutrients (such as vitamin B12 or folic acid) during the early stages of pregnancy has been shown to significantly increase the risk to birth defects such as spina bifida.

There is some animal evidence, however, that high levels of other vitamins may increase risk to birth defects. Vitamin A, for example, has been shown in dosages higher than 8,000 IU to increase risk. For that reason it is not advisable to take high levels of vitamins during pregnancy without first consulting your healthcare provider.

Q: Are minerals generally recommended during pregnancy?

A: As is true with vitamins, most minerals are generally regarded as safe (and even required) during pregnancy. Minerals have a relatively narrower safety margin than do vitamins, but still significantly broader than do almost all pharmaceutical drugs. But unless research has specifically addressed a mineral's relative safety during pregnancy, it is not advisable to take amounts beyond what would be in a normal, healthy diet. If you are pregnant or nursing, be sure and discuss with your healthcare provider any supplement you are considering.

Q: Are herbs generally recommended during pregnancy?

A: Less research has been done on herb use during pregnancy than on vitamins or minerals, but it is helpful to recall that herbs have been in use for hundreds and even thousands of years (long before isolated vitamins, minerals or prescription pharmaceuticals were available). While research is beginning to establish safety in humans during pregnancy (echinacea for immunity and ginger for nausea, for example), it is generally not advised to take herbs during this time, unless specifically directed by your healthcare practitioner. It is especially important during pregnancy and nursing to discuss these questions with your healthcare provider.

Return to Top

Manufacturing & Quality

Animal-Derived Ingredients

Q: Is glucosamine vegetarian?

A: No, glucosamine is derived from crab shell.

Q: What does porcine mean?

A: Porcine means derived from pig.

Q: Where is the best source of bovine raw glandulars?

A: Glandular materials start out as healthy (or unhealthy) as the animals from which they are made. For this reason, all reputable processors of glandular concentrates will use only USDA-inspected animals as the original source. The highest quality glandular materials will be made from animals grown in a healthier environment. New Zealand beef cattle make the best source of bovine glandular concentrates, because they are free-range rather than lot-raised, and fed pasture grasses and hay rather than cattle feed. Additionally, New Zealand is one of the only countries in the world considered completely free of BSE (mad cow disease) and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).

Q: What is BSE and how can I prevent exposure to it?

A: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also called "mad cow disease" is a fatal neurological disease in cows though to be caused by consuming contaminated animal feed. Some countries have included in the feed given to cattle, ground up animal parts including brains and nervous systems of animals killed for food. Some of these animals had early stages BSE, and the infectious agent was passed on to the animals who consumed the feed. There is now evidence that some people who ate the meat from animals infected with BSE became infected themselves. Nearly 100 people have now died from what are now called "transmissible spongiform encephalopathies" (TSEs) believed to have been caused by eating BSE-contaminated beef.

Although the only sure way to prevent TSE exposure is to avoid its source (contaminated beef), that does not mean you should become a vegetarian. For example, the United States is believed to be free of BSE-infected cattle, and New Zealand produces beef (and other animal meat) that is certified free of BSE. Selecting meat from New Zealand and other BSE-free countries would be wise for anyone concerned about BSE exposure. Click here for more information about BSE.

Return to Top

Bioavailability

Q: What does "bioavailability" mean?

A: Bioavailability refers to the potential a product has to be absorbed into the bloodstream and have the desired impact on the consumer. In other words, a product with very high quality raw materials but is made in such a way that the tablet doesn't break down properly would have low bioavailability and would thus not do the patient any good. Disintegration time is an example of a test that measures aspects of bioavailability; it is the time it takes under controlled conditions for a tablet to break down completely. If a supplement breaks down when it is supposed to, there is a greater likelihood that it will be absorbed into the system.

Return to Top

Cost

Q: Why do some supplements cost more than others that look like they contain the same ingredients?

A: Simply looking at the ingredients does not necessarily provide enough information to assess value. For example, the same amount of elemental calcium can be found as, among others, citrate or carbonate, but have significantly different absorption dynamics. Carbonates are much cheaper, and so are often used by supplement manufacturers, even though the more expensive citrates are better absorbed. Frequently, higher quality comes with a higher price-but is ultimately a better value if it provides reliable outcomes. A product that doesn't work-even at a lower price-is still too expensive.

Return to Top

Inactive Manufacturing Ingredients—Excipients, Fillers & Binders

Q: What are excipients, binders, and fillers? Why are they necessary?

A: The highest quality ingredients in a nutritional supplement could be useless if the product doesn't disintegrate properly or crumbles in the bottle. Excipients are inactive ingredients—usually odorless, tasteless, and colorless—used during the manufacture of tablets, capsules, softgels, or powders to:

  • Aid in powder flow during encapsulation or tableting to keep it from sticking to equipment (anti-caking)
  • Improve tablet consistency, density, compressibility, or other desired characteristics (binders)
  • Preserve integrity of product during storage to help keep it from disintegrating in bottle (binders, stabilizers)
  • Enable providers to manufacture tablets of uniform size, weight, texture, and shape (binders, fillers)
  • Ensure even dispersal of raw materials in tablet, capsule, or powder
  • Keep active ingredients in a well-dispersed liquid mixture (emulsifier, stabilizer)
  • Prevent crystallization of ingredients
  • Help tablet/capsule dissolve in a timely manner and/or increase bioavailability (disintegrant, dissolving agent)
  • Aid tablet disintegration in a sustained release manner (coating)
  • Ensure consistent fill of both capsules and tablets (filler)
  • Protect ingredients during storage (antioxidants, preservatives, sequestrants)
  • Help ensure even coatings of tablets and capsules
  • Form capsules or softgels (gelling)
  • Help retain moisture (humectant)
  • Facilitate product use, such as enhancing the mixing capability of a powder

Q: Are these inactive ingredients “good” or “bad”?

A: The answer depends on the selection of the ingredient, quality checks during manufacture, and the person taking the product. In general, however, the use of inactive manufacturing ingredients is a very “good” choice—helping to deliver a product of consistent quality and reliability for consistent outcomes to meet product expectations. A product made “without excipients” may not, despite its good intentions.

Some excipients, binders, or fillers are “bad” because they can contribute to unwanted reactions in some people with heightened sensitivities. Artificial colors, dyes, preservatives, or coating agents have been implicated for years as possible concerns—though not all artificial ingredients carry the same potential for harm. Some inactive ingredients (like some vitamins) may be derived from either a natural source (plant, mineral) or an artificial source (chemical). Although labels are not required to state the source of inactive ingredients, quality manufacturers may opt for the natural source whenever possible for a final product that may offer less potential for adverse reactions in those who may be sensitive.

Other inactive ingredients are “neutral” (meaning they are neither digested nor absorbed), but they improve product function by ensuring proper dissolution or other product characteristics.

Inactive ingredients are “good” if they are carefully selected from a reputable source and used in the proper amounts outlined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Good Manufacturing Practices. A reputable company producing high quality nutritional supplements will exercise great care in selecting only those inactive ingredients that are approved for use in manufacture and have a history of safe use. Quality manufacturers will also safeguard the purity of these inactive ingredients with the same care as “active” raw materials to ensure consistent quality throughout the product. Even a “safe” ingredient can be potentially bad if handled improperly.

Return to Top

Expiration Dates

Q: How long do vitamins last?

A: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration dictates that if supplement manufacturers list an expiration date on their products, they must maintain records that prove that at expiration the products contain what the labels state. This is because, like everything else, vitamins have a "lifespan." While they are generally quite stable, especially when kept away from direct sunlight and high temperatures, there may be a gradual loss of potency over time. A reputable company will slightly "overfill" their supplements, meaning that they put enough of each nutrient in the tablet to compensate for any loss of potency over time. A two-year expiration date means that the company is certifying that the product will continue to meet or exceed label claim for two years from the date of manufacture.

Q: Why do vitamin supplements have expiration dates?

A: As the tablets become exposed to sunlight, oxygen, and moisture, vitamins may gradually lose potency. Although they do not become "toxic" or harmful, they may not provide the results the practitioner and consumer depend upon. In order to set expiration dates, the manufacturer must perform stability tests showing how much degradation of the product occurs over time, and put in enough of the raw material to compensate for any lost potency. Expiration dates ensure that the product will provide consistent results.

Q: Is it OK to take vitamins after their expiration date?

A: No. While vitamins generally do not deteriorate into something harmful or toxic over time, it is possible for the potency to diminish as time passes. The expiration date is there to ensure that you are getting the freshest products, with the highest possible quality and potency. To get the results you are seeking, it is best not to take a supplement that has gone past its expiration date.

Return to Top

Quality

Q: How can I tell if a vitamin-mineral supplement is of high quality?

A: It is difficult to tell quality simply by looking at a tablet. Many factors (most of which are hidden to the naked eye) go into a high quality nutritional supplement, but the three main variables are:

  • The quality of the science behind the product
  • The quality of the ingredients themselves
  • The quality of the manufacturing process

Quality science. The human body has often been compared to an extremely complex and wonderfully efficient machine. To function normally, it is extremely dependent upon a large variety of raw materials such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and so forth. If any of these critical substances are lacking in sufficient quantities, the efficiency of the "machine" suffers. The therapeutic use of nutritional supplements usually involves combining as many of these rate-limiting nutrients together as economically and physically possible, to provide everything required to focus on a particular health goal. If the nutritional supplement is poorly designed, key nutrients may be left out, or less important "window dressing" ingredients may be added that don't bring significant additional benefit. The product may then be inadequate to meet the therapeutic goals, or may be more expensive than needed. A reputable company will be able to provide scientific studies to support the formulation and its therapeutic value.

Quality ingredients. The same nutrient may be available in different forms. For example, vitamin E can be natural (derived from food) or it can be synthetic (manufactured). The natural, food-identical vitamin E is called d-alpha tocopherol, while the synthetic form is called dl-alpha tocopherol. That "l" in the dl-alpha tocopherol is the only way you can tell a natural from a synthetic vitamin E by looking at the label, but science has shown that there is a significant difference in the way the body uses it. Natural vitamin E is significantly better in its biological activity that the synthetic. Another example is found in minerals such as calcium or iron. Minerals are not found alone in supplements but as chemical compounds. The nature of that compound is related to the ability of the body to absorb and use the mineral. For example, calcium may be found as "calcium carbonate," which is inexpensive but relatively more difficult to absorb. Other forms of calcium, such as calcium citrate or MCHC (microcrystalline hydroxyapatite concentrate) may be more expensive as raw materials, but may also be much better utilized by the body. A manufacturer of high quality products will be able to provide documentation from the scientific literature on the specific ingredients selected that will help to explain their superiority.

Quality manufacturing. Even if the supplement is well-formulated and has high quality ingredients, care must still be exercised during the manufacturing process to ensure a quality finished product. If the supplement doesn't break down properly during the digestive process, it doesn't matter how well it's designed or what is used as ingredients! A manufacturer of high quality nutritional supplements will perform a number of different tests before, during, and after the tableting process to ensure quality in the finished product, and should be able to provide you with documentation to support their processes upon request. Providers of high quality supplements also have GMP-certified manufacturing.

Q: How can I tell if an herbal product is of high quality?

A: This is a very important question. Many people have tried herbal products only to be disappointed when they don't work as hoped. A large part of this must be laid at the feet of manufacturers hoping to profit from the explosion of interest in herbs without understanding herbal medicine. For example, many people know of echinacea as being an important herb for supporting healthy immune function. But only certain parts of the plant contain the substances that have established benefits. Some companies simply grind up the whole plant (stems, roots, leaves, flowers-everything) and sell that as "echinacea." People taking the whole plant expecting to get the therapeutic benefits described will often be disappointed. A high quality product will have the active ingredients necessary to give the health benefits known by traditional herbalists. So if you've tried herbs before and been disappointed in the results, it may not be the fault of herbal medicine.

As is true of nutritional supplements, it is often difficult to see quality in herbs simply by looking at the finished product. This is especially true with herbs, as the standards for quality are still being developed. Quality in herbal products begins with high quality raw materials. This means that the manufacturer must have an intimate knowledge of herbs. One dried powder looks very much like another, so a reputable herbal manufacturer will exercise great care in the raw material purchasing process, and should be able to provide such things as Certificates of Authenticity and other documents establishing the source and quality of the herb. Because the chemical makeup of the plant changes as it matures (bite into an apple before it's ripe and you can taste the proof of that point), selecting the herb at the correct time during the growing season is important. Additionally, different parts of the herb have different chemical constituents (and different effects in the body), so knowing which part of the herb to select is important. The delicate active principles of the herb must also be protected during the tableting process, so great care must be taken by the manufacturers here as well.

Return to Top

Stearic Acid

Q: What is stearic acid and from what is it derived?

A: Stearic acid is an essential saturated fatty acid that is found in all vegetable, seed, nut and animal oils. Although stearic acid can be from several sources, the most common source in better quality nutritional supplements is vegetable stearic acid.

Q: Why is stearic acid used in tablet manufacturing?

A: During tablet manufacturing certain substance such as stearic acid are use to help powders flow smoothly through the tableting machines and to help the tablets hold their shape. Stearic acid is an ideal fatty acid to use because it is naturally occurring in food, is inert and therefore does not interfere with the proper utilization or absorption of the active ingredients in the tablet.

Q: Does stearic acid interfere with the absorption of vitamins and minerals?

A: No. There is no evidence that stearic acid, in the levels used in tablet manufacturing, in any way interferes with or blocks breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Remember that the amount of stearic acid used in a tablet is much less than would be obtained from a salad with olive oil and vinegar dressing. (Olive oil is a source of stearic acid).

Return to Top

Tablets & Capsules

Q: Are capsules better than tablets?

A: Capsules have some advantages in certain uses, but tablets have proven advantageous in others. For example, capsules increase the cost to the end user, it generally takes more capsules to contain the nutrients found in tablets, if the bottle is allowed to get too warm the capsules can melt or stick together, and the capsules have to be digested (broken down) before the nutrients inside can be released. On the "plus" side, capsules are generally easier to swallow, you can't tablet a liquid (which thus MUST be in capsules), and capsules can be made opaque to protect delicate and easily-lost nutrients (such as CQ 10). A reputable company will not be tied exclusively to capsules OR tablets, but will select the delivery method that is most appropriate to the nutrient and the marketplace, considering all variables in the selection process.

Q: What are slow- or time-release tablets?

A: Time-release or slow-release tablets are manufactured in such a way that they release their contents in the digestive tract over time rather than all at once. This can be accomplished by a variety of methods. One method is called "enteric coating," where the nutrient is coated with a substance that won't break down in the stomach but will in the small intestine. Another method coats the nutrients with a substance that will be slowly digested, so that the nutrients are gradually released. Both of these (and other) methods can be useful, but care must be exercised in the manufacturing process to ensure the desired results.

Q: What if I find a tablet in my stool?

A: That means that the tablet did not break down during the digestive process, and the nutrients in the tablet were not absorbed. A well-manufactured tablet should break down within 20 or 30 minutes after you swallow it. Reputable companies routinely perform disintegration tests on tablets during manufacturing to ensure they meet appropriate standards.

Q: Will I destroy any of the properties in a tablet if I crush it?

A: Generally, no. Sometimes crushing a tablet and sprinkling the powder on apple sauce or some other food helps those who have difficulty swallowing tablets. The only exception to this is if the supplement is enterically coated to allow it remain intact in the stomach and break down in the small intestine. Crushing the tablet may reduce the amount of the nutrient that gets into the bloodstream, so if you have any questions please discuss them with your healthcare provider on your next visit.

Return to Top

Conditions

Anxiety

Q: What vitamins, minerals, or herbs might be recommended for anxiety?

A: Many nutrients have been shown to be helpful during times of anxiety, both to help you cope with anxiety and also to offset the increased nutritional demands on your body due to stress. The first place to begin is to make sure your diet has plenty of vegetables and fruit, preferably fresh. (These provide high nutritional value with low calories.) Beyond that, herbs such as St. John's Wort have been shown in scientific research to be helpful, but before you take any herbs or vitamins for anxiety, be sure and discuss them-as well as any other supplements or medications you are taking-with your healthcare provider.

Return to Top

Osteoarthritis

Q: What is osteoarthritis?

A: Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease caused by the breakdown of cartilage-the firm, rubbery tissue that cushions bones at joints. Healthy cartilage allows bones to glide over one another and absorbs energy from the shock of physical movement. In osteoarthritis, cartilage breaks down and wears away. Osteoarthritis generally develops in the hands, knees, hips, and spine.

Q: What are the common signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis?

A: There are several signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, including:

  • Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling.
  • Joints that are warm to the touch.
  • Crunching or crackling noise when the joint moves.
  • Limited range of motion.
  • Muscle weakness.
  • Abnormal growth of bony knobs (bone spurs) near joints that can cause deformities.

Q: What causes osteoarthritis?

A: Researchers are not entirely clear on what initiates the damage and loss of cartilage associated with osteoarthritis. Fractures, mechanical abnormalities (i.e., having unequal lower limb lengths or being bow-legged or knock-kneed), the presence of other bone and joint diseases (such as gout), or an underlying metabolic or hormonal disorder have been shown to play a role in the development of osteoarthritis.

Q: Am I at risk for developing osteoarthritis?

A: There are several risk factors that may predispose a person to osteoarthritis, including:

  • Increasing age
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Obesity
  • Injury to the joint
  • Occupational overuse or repetitive joint use
  • History of inflammatory joint disease
  • Metabolic or hormonal disorders (such as hemochromatosis and acromegaly)
  • Bone and joint disorders present at birth
  • Deposits of crystals in joints (i.e., gout). This occurs because the body either produces too much uric acid or doesn't excrete enough uric acid. Excess uric acid accumulates in tissues in the form of needle-like crystals that can cause severe pain. ]

Q: Are over-the-counter or prescription drugs effective for relieving osteoarthritis symptoms?

A: The painful symptoms of osteoarthritis are typically treated with conventional drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While initially effective in relieving pain and inflammation, the prolonged use of NSAIDs is associated with adverse side effects, including stomach ulcers and damage to the liver and kidneys. Furthermore, research indicates that NSAIDs may actually accelerate the progression of osteoarthritis because they appear to inhibit cartilage repair.

Q: Are there any natural substances that help?

A: Fortunately, a number of botanical and nutritional substances have demonstrated their efficacy and safety in recommended approaches for osteoarthritis.

Niacinamide and N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-Niacinamide suppresses nitric oxide-a compound that has been implicated in osteoarthritis disease progression-and reduces the progression of joint inflammation and cartilage degradation. NAC functions as a powerful antioxidant that contributes to the inhibition and suppression of arthritis, as proven in numerous animal studies.

Vitamin C-Free radicals-unstable and potentially damaging molecules generated by normal chemical reactions in the body-have been implicated as both causing and increasing cartilage aging and osteoarthritis symptoms. Free radicals damage the integrity of collagen-an important component of healthy joint tissue. Fortunately, natural antioxidants such as vitamin C offer a strong defense against free radical damage and promote the healthy formation of collagen. A supplement containing mineral ascorbates and bioflavonoids enhances the absorbability of vitamin C.

Glucosamine Sulfate and Chondroitin Sulfate-These natural compounds are found throughout the body and are essential for optimal cartilage health. Numerous research studies have shown that glucosamine can reduce symptoms of osteoarthritis, such as joint pain, tenderness, and swelling, and may slow the progression of osteoarthritis. Several studies have also demonstrated the effectiveness of chondroitin in relieving the symptoms and progression of osteoarthritis.

Copper, Zinc, and Manganese-An adequate dietary supply of these minerals is crucial to the natural production of beneficial antioxidant enzymes. These enzymes protect joint tissues by converting dangerous free radicals into harmless hydrogen peroxide. Research suggests that increasing the intake of minerals needed for the induction of antioxidant enzymes may therefore increase the protection and health of joint cartilage compromised by osteoarthritis.

Bioflavonoids-Plant-derived bioflavonoids have demonstrated the ability to activate beneficial enzymes necessary for cartilage synthesis. These botanical substances also possess powerful antioxidant properties. Research has shown the efficacy of bioflavonoids in reducing pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis.

Ginger (Zingiber officinalis) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa)-These herbs have a long history of traditional use in the East Indian system of medicine known as Ayurveda. Recent investigations have confirmed the benefit of these herbs in the treatment of osteoarthritis. For instance, a reduction in joint pain and swelling has been attributed to the therapeutic use of ginger, and the principal compounds that are found in turmeric have been shown to produce favorable results similar to those of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) without the adverse effects.

Boswellia (Boswellia serrata)-The gum resin acids derived from the boswellia tree have been shown to produce both anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity in a variety of experimental models and human studies. Up to 60% of patients participating in boswellia studies have reported a significant reduction of painful osteoarthritis symptoms. Unlike traditional NSAIDs, boswellia extract also appears to exhibit no significant adverse effects or toxicity.

Return to Top

Osteoporosis

Q: How can I protect myself from osteoporosis?

A: Many factors contribute to osteoporosis, so it should come as no surprise that no one thing alone will prevent it. Many risk factors have been identified; some you can influence; others not. Risk factors you cannot control include your gender (women's loss of estrogen production at menopause is probably the single greatest risk factor), ethnic background (Asians and people from Northern European backgrounds are at greater risks) and family history (if your mother and grandmothers developed osteoporosis, your risks are higher). Some, however are under your control, including diet (calcium-rich foods include dairy and dark green leafy vegetables), exercise (especially weight-bearing) and limiting or eliminating alcohol and tobacco use. It is important to take stock of your current diet and lifestyle habits, and considering the risk factors outside your control, modify your habits to minimize your risk. Talking to your healthcare provider about tests that help you establish the health of your bones right now would also be a good risk-reduction strategy.

Q: I am taking estrogen right now. Doesn't that protect me enough?

A: Maybe not. New studies have called into question the wisdom of long-term estrogen use due to increased risks to certain types of cancer. Since osteoporosis has many contributing factors (some of which you can control and others you cannot, as we discuss above), it is important that you speak with your healthcare provider to determine the healthiest way to reduce your risks to all diseases (including both osteoporosis and cancer).

Return to Top

Nutrients

Amino Acids

Q: What makes amino acid chelated minerals better than other types of minerals?

A: In order to be absorbed, minerals, whether from foods or in supplements, have to be combined with a "carrier" molecule. When this molecule is a fragment of protein (an amino acid), and the mineral amino acid compound forms a stable molecule, it is referred to as an amino acid chelate. Because the body is very efficient at absorbing amino acids, chelated minerals are more easily transported across the intestinal wall than are non-chelated minerals.

Return to Top

Antioxidants

Q: What are antioxidants?

A: Antioxidants are a group of chemical compounds that protect against free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules produced naturally or induced by exposure to things like radiation, certain chemical pollutants, or other sources. When free radicals come in contact with healthy cell membranes, they cause damage to the membrane and may ultimately cause the cell to die. Antioxidants prevent this damage by "quenching" the free radical and thus helping maintain health and proper function of the cell. Antioxidants are often the substances that give foods their color or strong flavor. This is why choosing a naturally "colorful" diet can be a very healthy idea!

Return to Top

Boron

Q: Is boron required for bone health?

A: It is unclear whether boron is required to support healthy bones, but recent studies indicate that, at least in some people, it may help. Women who consumed a dietary supplement containing boron were able to maintain higher circulating levels of estrogen than women who didn't supplement with boron, according to some studies. Since loss of estrogen production at menopause is associated with accelerated bone loss, many believe that taking supplemental boron during menopause will help maintain healthier bones. You should discuss this with your healthcare provider to determine if you would benefit from boron supplementation, and if it would be wise to select a "bone health" product containing boron.

Return to Top

Calcium

See also MCHC

Q: I've heard that calcium can interfere with certain prescription drugs. Is this true?

A: Certain drugs and nutrients may interact and in effect, reduce the strength of the drug-and the nutrient itself. For this reason it is important to always discuss with your healthcare provider all the different vitamins, minerals, herbs and especially drugs you are taking.

Q: What does it mean on a label when it talks of "elemental" calcium?

A: Calcium in supplements (and in our diet) is always associated (in a chemical or molecular bond) with another substance. That substance may be carbon (forming calcium carbonate), citric acid (forming calcium citrate), or several others. Most labels will list the amount of calcium (without the other carrier substance) to allow consumers to compare one product with another based on the amount of calcium (called "elemental" calcium). This is somewhat misleading, however, as different forms of calcium (calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, etc.) may have different effects on the body. For example, calcium carbonate (one commonly available form), may be poorly absorbed, especially by older people. Calcium carbonate interferes with the production of the very digestive juices required to prepare calcium for absorption. In contrast, calcium as found in MCHC or as calcium citrate, may be better absorbed by many people. Thus, 500 milligrams of "elemental calcium" from calcium carbonate may not provide the same health benefits as 500 milligrams of elemental calcium from MCHC or calcium citrate.

Q: What about impurities such as lead in calcium supplements?

A: Since our environment contains lead, every natural source of calcium will contain some lead. The key is to minimize exposure by selecting the purest possible natural sources of calcium. Since coastal waters are often highly polluted due to rain runoff and river outflow, oyster-shell calcium from these coastal waters would likely contain prohibitively high levels of lead and other contaminants. Bone meal from older animals would also likely contain higher amounts of lead. Selecting a source of MCHC from veal (young animals), grown in a more pure environment such as New Zealand, would ensure a more pure starting material. Stringent testing during production and tableting ensures a high-quality calcium supplement. A reputable company will be able to supply assays upon request.

Q: Which calcium supplement should I take?

A: There are many sources of calcium available (calcium carbonate, gluconate, citrate, lactate, MCHC, etc. etc.), making it very difficult to know which to select. The intended purpose of the supplement may help you decide. Many people supplement with calcium to support muscle and nerve health, or because they read that calcium may be able to prevent leg cramps; others because they want healthy bones. Bones are made up of much more than just calcium, so if your goal is healthy bones it makes sense to look for a comprehensive "bone health" supplement, which would contain more than just calcium alone.

Q: How much calcium should I take?

A: The USRDI (United States Recommended Daily Intake) for calcium has been determined by the FDA to be 1,000 milligrams. The average diet in America provides approximately 700 milligrams per day from all sources, Your intake might be higher if you consume dairy as a regular part of your diet. You may have special needs that change that requirement, however. Such things as disease, injury, pregnancy, lack of exercise, etc. may cause your nutritional needs to change. It's always best to discuss these questions with your healthcare provider rather than relying on what a well-intentioned friend tells you.

Q: How do I know how much calcium is in the product I am taking?

A: Supplement labels in the U.S. are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Supplement manufacturers are held accountable for the accuracy and reliability of the information they provide and the products inside the bottle. Reputable companies are certified for Good Manufacturing Procedures (GMP) for supplements, so careful reading of the label of a reputable company should provide accurate information. For the amount of each mineral, look for "elemental" levels. This is the amount of that mineral, without its associated carriers (such as carbonate, gluconate, etc.).

Return to Top

Canola Oil

Q: Can someone have an allergy to canola oil?

A: Although it may be possible to have an allergy to proteins found in the plant from which canola oil is extracted, in general, it is unlikely to have a true allergic reaction to canola oil. This is due to several factors. First, most plant oils are poor allergens because they contain very little protein. It is not the oil but the protein (which is usually considered an impurity of manufacturing) that causes an allergic reaction. When properly processed, high quality canola oil will have very low levels of protein particulate matter, and is thus the likelihood of an allergic reaction is extremely low. Even people with life-threatening anaphylactic reactions to peanuts generally do not react to highly processed and purified peanut oil. A simple test for potential allergenicity is to hold a clear container of the oil up to light and note how clear the oil itself is. A very clear, non-cloudy oil is likely to be free of potential allergens. Olive oil is one example of a an oil that contains high amounts of protein "impurities," although in the case of olive oil these impurities are generally considered beneficial. In any case, if you have concerns about your potential for a negative reaction, you should discuss these concerns with your healthcare provider.

Return to Top

Fish Oil

Q: How do I know that Metagenics fish oil is high quality?

A: Metagenics unconditionally guarantees the quality and purity of our concentrated EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) fish oil formulas. Each formula contains only the highest quality, Purity-Certified omega-3 fatty acids—EPA and DHA—that meet or exceed label claim (milligram, not just area percent). These formulas are enhanced with antioxidants to increase product stability.

The exceptional manufacturing and purification technology exceeds the highest quality standards—including the rigorous standards of the International Pharmacopoeia—and by far exceeds the quality criteria for the Council for Responsible Nutrition’s Omega-3 Monograph. Our dedication to every detail and exhaustive third-party and in-house testing are briefly outlined below (Table 1).

Table 1. Metagenics Quality Control Guide
Raw Material Production Encapsulation & Processing Finished Goods & Distribution
Manufacturing Manufacturing In House
  • Peroxide value
  • Anisidine value
  • Total omega-3 fatty acids
  • And other tests
  • Average fill weight
  • Total average weight
  • EPA-DHA quantity
  • Softgel size
  • And other tests
  • Total plate count
  • Yeast and mold
  • Coliforms
  • E. coli
  • Salmonella
  • Staphylococcus
  • Disintegration time
  • Shelf stability
Third Party Third Party Quality Document
  • Heavy metals
  • Polycyclic aromatic
  • Organochlorides/
    organophosphides
  • Polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs)
  • Dioxins
  • Purity certification
  • EPA quantity
  • DHA quantity
  • Marine lipid quantity
  • And other tests
  • Certificates of analysis
  • Third-party assays
  • In-house assays
  • European Pharmacopoeia
    guidelines
  • EDQM certificate of suitability CRN Voluntary monograph detailing proposed higher standards for EPA-DHA

The gelatin used in our softgels is obtained from countries known to be free of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and have programs in place to prevent its occurrence. And for enteric-coated formulas, Metagenics utilizes United States Pharmacopeia (USP) compliant enteric-coating to avoid premature dissolution in the stomach. According to USP guidelines, enteric coating must delay gastric disintegration by a minimum of one hour.

Q: Does Metagenics fish oil contain mercury or other contaminants?

A: Metagenics utilizes fresh, clean, deep-sea, wild-caught, cold-water fish with lower risk of contamination. In addition, Metagenics Purity-Certified fish oils undergo a proprietary refinement process to remove heavy metals and other environmental pollutants. An advanced Molecular Distillation process of every batch ensures the highest purity and batch consistency. Every batch is thoroughly tested for impurities at every step, from raw material to packaging. Our dedication to exhaustive third-party and in-house testing enable us to make the following guarantees (Table 2):

Table 2. Metagenics fish oil formulas are below detectable limits of common contaminants
Mercury Less than 5 ppb (below detection limit)
Lead Less than 25 ppb (below detection limit)
Dioxin TEQ less than 5 ppt (below detection limit)
PCBs TEQ less than 3 ppt (below detection limit)
  • Also tested for yeasts, molds, and bacteria

Q: What are the advantages of choosing fish oil from Metagenics?

A:Not all fish oil formulas are the same. The advantages of Metagenics premium Purity Certified fish oil formulas include:

  • Third-party purity-certified
  • Concentrated levels of specific omega-3s
  • Low in cholesterol
  • Natural lemon flavor
  • Custom made in Norway
  • Low cost

Q: Is Metagenics fish oil pharmaceutical-grade, ultra-pure, and/or ultra-refined?

A: There is no unified definition for these terms. However, under the accepted market definitions, Metagenics produces pharmaceutical-grade, ultra-pure, and ultra-refined fish oil that meets the highest standards of quality. Produced in Norway, the manufacturing plant is pharmaceutical licensed by the Norwegian Medicines Agency—Norway’s equivalent to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)—and is one of the three pharmaceutical licensed omega-3 manufacturing facilities in the world.

Q: Is Metagenics fish oil from Norwegian fish?

A: Many companies imply that their raw materials come from Norway. In truth, the majority of wild-caught fish for supplements comes from off the coast of South America ( Peru and Chile), with smaller amounts coming from Europe, Africa, and the United States. What is the key takeaway point? Don’t let these marketing tactics fool you. The finest raw material sources are fresh, clean, deep-sea, wild-caught, cold-water fish that arepurified through an advanced distillation process to remove potential contaminants.

Q: Is Metagenics fish oil clinically tested?

A: Thousands of studies have been conducted on the potential health benefits of fish or fish oil in human health.1-8 The profound results of the health benefits of EPA-DHA are already in. As a research-based company dedicated to the best health of your patients, Metagenics focuses on maintaining a variety of Purity-Certified, highly concentrated formulas to best suit your patients’ individual health needs. These advanced formulas are successfully used by numerous patients at the FMRC—with many documented case studies—and recommended by healthcare professionals worldwide.

References

  1. Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, an inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(6 Suppl):1505S-19S.
  2. Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J Am Coll Nutr 2002;21(6):495-505.
  3. Gil A. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2002;56(8):388-96.
  4. Calder PC. Dietary modification of inflammation with lipids. Proc Nutr Soc 2002;61(3):345-58.
  5. Marchiolli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002;105(16):1874-75.
  6. Psota TL, Gebauer SK, Kris-Etherton P. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98(4A):3i-18i.
  7. Lamotte M, Annemans L, Kawalec P, Zoellner Y. A multi-country health economic evaluation of highly concentrated N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in secondary prevention after myocardial infarction.
  8. Pharmacoeconomics 2006;24(8):783-95. 8. Schacky CV, Harris WS. Cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Cardiovasc Res 2006 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]

Return to Top

Glucosamine & Chondroitin

Q: Isn't it better to use glucosamine on its own without chondroitin?

A: Both glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin have been shown to beneficial for support of joints and connective tissue. The specific combination most suited to your needs may contain both together along with other nutrients, as recent research has shown that a mixture of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and manganese ascorbate is more efficacious than taking glucosamine only. However, since every case is individual, it is important to discuss this with your practitioner in more detail.

Q: Is glucosamine vegetarian?

A: No, glucosamine is derived from crab shell.

Return to Top

Glutamine

Q: When is the best time to take glutamine-containing supplements, with food or without food?

A: Glutamine-containing supplements can be taken with or without food.

Return to Top

Huperzine A

Q: What is Huperzine A?

A: Huperzine A, also referred to as HupA, is an alkaloid derived from Chinese club moss, Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trev. This natural molecule was first identified by Chinese scientist Liu and his colleagues in the 1980s (Nat. Prod. Rep 2004;21:752-72). It was developed for commercialization by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and early recognition of HupA for its effect on dementia appeared in JAMA (JAMA 1997;227(10):776). Since HupA isolation and identification, an extensive track record of safety and efficacy has been established leading to HupA phase III human clinical trials in China and phase II clinical trials in the United States (U.S.) for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Mayo Clinic and National Institute of Mental Health are the primary clinical investigators of HupA in the U.S., whereby the Mayo Clinic licenses the use of HupA through its distribution channel.

Q: Was Huperzia serrata originally used in traditional Chinese medicine to enhance cognitive function and treat dementia?

A: No. Traditionally, Chinese club moss has been used to treat contusions, strains, swellings, fever, and inflammation. The moss family is naturally scarce due to a slow growth rate and very specialized habitat requirements. Furthermore, the moss species are not successfully cultivated. From a traditional point of view, these moss characteristics have probably served natural limits to their popularity. The potential use of HupA for mental function was only discovered in the 1980s when the Chinese government was screening traditional plants for new applications. (Nat. Prod. Rep 2004;21:752-72).

Q: Is standardized extract containing huperizine A the same as HupA?

A: No. While biochemically, the huperzine A molecule is the same, the question remains as to whether our body processes HupA within the context of a complex matrix of naturally occurring Chinese club moss molecules in the same way as it processes the purified HupA. The fact is that there is no traditional precedent concerning safety or efficacy of this standardized extract on neuroprotection to refer to. If safety, predictability, dose response, and positive clinical outcome are valued, incorporating a standardized extract of Chinese club moss into a neuroprotection program is without scientific basis. It is important to note that the mosses are extremely complex chemically and contain numerous active ingredients, including other huperzine alkaloids, and naturally occurring substances not all of which may be beneficial and safe. (Nat. Prod. Rep 2004;21;752-72). Simply put, a standardized extract is not preferred in this case.

Q: What are the key differences between HupA and a standardized extract of Huperzia serrata supplying measurable levels of huperzine A??

A: Proof of safety and efficacy are the critical differences between purified HupA and the standardized extract of Huperzia serrata. There are over 300 published articles identifying the structure, function, bioavailability, mechanism of actions, safety, and dose response of the purified HupA molecule, with regards to neurological effects and its influence on memory, dementia, and AD. It is important to note that only the purified HupA is the subject of current human clinical trials for AD, and the operative word is “purified.” Presently, there is no body of useful information on the use of a standardized extract which contains other undisclosed substances, in addition to huperzine alkaloids, one of which is HupA.

Q: How does purified HupA influence Alzheimer’s disease?

A: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter critical for cognitive processing, memory, arousal, and attention. Gradual loss of mental clarity is associated with both diminishing acetylcholine synthesis and rapid degradation of this neurotransmitter by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Abundant research suggests that HupA exerts a slow reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, thus preserving acetylcholine and leading to the alleviation of many of the symptoms and progression of AD. (Neurosignals 2005;14:71-82, Neuroscience 2001;105:663-69)

Q: How does HupA compare to other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?

A: When compared to donepezil and rivastigmine, HupA has been demonstrated to exhibit superior efficacy to existing acetylcholinesterase inhibitors via higher blood brain barrier penetration, better bioavailability, longer duration of action, and minimal peripheral cholinergic side effects at therapeutic doses. (Neurosignals 2005;14:71-82, Neuroscience Letters 2004;361:56-59)

Q: Can HupA be used to support mental clarity and cognitive function in the absence of dementia or AD?

A: Yes. Purfied HupA is marked by a long track record of clinical efficacy and safety in conjunction with a spectrum of desirable neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. Furthermore, HupA has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo to 1) possess anti-excitotoxic and anti-apoptotic effects, protecting nerve cells from tissue damage, 2) inhibit glutamate neurotoxity, an effect not seen with donepezil or tacrine, 3) exert an antioxidant effect by protecting against hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis in PC12 cells, 4) reduce hippocampal oxidative damage in aging rats, and 5) protect against amyloid toxicity. (Neurosignals 2005;14:71-82)

Q: What is the profile of the person who would most benefit from HupA’s neuroprotective properties?

A: Incorporating HupA in the basic supplement program for brain protection may mostly benefit those with a family history of early onset senile dementia and AD. Otherwise, individuals over 40 years of age and not feeling as “mentally sharp” as they used to may experience positive outcome from using HupA. Furthermore, those experiencing increasing forgetfulness, minor memory lapses, and difficulty following directions may also benefit from small amounts of HupA as a “brain tonic.” Additionally, menopausal women may find HupA helpful.

Q: How much HupA is useful for neuroprotection?

A: Presently, there is no research establishing a protective dose for HupA. However, current research of memory loss in the elderly and AD has observed benefits from as little as 200 mcg twice daily. Incorporating 100 mcg of HupA would be an excellent starting dose.

Q: How do I know if I am purchasing the purified HupA demonstrated in the research?

A: The only way to verify the source of the huperzine A in a product is to ask the supplier if it is in the form of a standardized extract of Huperzia serrata or the purified molecule used in clinical trials. This may surprise you, but simply looking at the ingredient panel on a product label will not provide the distinction since all products that use the standardized extract is only required to list the amount of HupA provided by the extract. This is an unfortunate situation for consumers.

Return to Top

Indole-3-Carbinole

Q: What's the difference between indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C) and DIM?

A: Indole-3-carbinol (I-3-C) is the chemical name of a substance naturally occurring in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and cabbage. Scientists have been studying the health benefits of I-3-C for a number of years, and believes it helps protect against certain types of cancers, such as breast and uterine because of its impact on the metabolism of estrogen in the body. Scientists now know that I-3-C is converted in the stomach to a different chemical called di-indolylmethane (DIM) when it comes in contact with digestive juices, and DIM is believed to be the major "active" metabolite, meaning that it has been shown to carry most, if not all, of the health-benefits ascribed to I-3-C.

The question might then be raised: "Why not just isolate and take a DIM supplement, if that's the active ingredient or metabolite? The answer is that, while DIM has shown interesting benefits, it is by no means the ONLY active ingredient converted from I-3-C; in fact, more than 20 metabolites of I-3-C have been identified; DIM is only one of them. These other metabolites have also been to shown to have potential benefits; one of them (called ICZ), for example is believed to enhance the body's fight against toxic substances that cause cancer by damaging DNA. Another similar example is the difference between mixed carotenoids and a single carotenoid like beta-carotene. It has been shown that taking all the carotenoids together as they would be naturally occurring in your diet, provides greater health benefits than taking beta carotene along.

To recap, I-3-C is converted in the body to many substances, one of which is DIM. Taking a supplement containing only DIM would deprive you of the potential benefits of those other metabolites.

Return to Top

Licorice

Q: Will deglycyrrhizinized licorice (DGL) affect my blood pressure?

A: The active substance that can affect blood pressure, glycyrrhizic acid, has been removed from DGL. It will most likely not have an affect on blood pressure, but the question is important to raise because there is a possibility that certain herbs could interfere with medications you may be taking. You should be sure and discuss these questions with your healthcare provider on your next visit.

Return to Top

Methyl-Sulfonyl-Methane (MSM)

Q: What is MSM?

A: Methyl-sulfonyl-methane (MSM) is a highly biologically valuable source of sulfur. Sulfur is important for joint tissue support; however, other nutrients are also supportive of joint health. Along with MSM there are a number of supportive nutrients, including glucosamine, chondroitin, vitamins C and E, and specific amino acids. While optimal joint support must start with a healthy and varied diet, nutritional supplements may be useful. However, it is important that your healthcare provider be aware of ALL supplements, herbs or medicines you are taking.

Return to Top

Microcrystalline Hydroxyapatite Concentrate (MCHC)

Q: What is microcrystalline hydroxyapatite concentrate?

A: Microcrystalline hydroxyapatite concentrate (MCHC) is a highly absorbable, natural calcium source to support healthy bones produced from bovid sources. It contains all the minerals naturally occurring in healthy bone in the right proportions, along with the other active and supportive constituents of bone. To preserve the delicate proteins and other active constituents, MCHC is carefully processed without heat, ensuring that the natural microcrystalline structure is not destroyed.

Q: What is the difference between MCHC and calcium?

A: Calcium is a mineral involved in many different functions of the body, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and helping your bones stay strong. Microcrystalline hydroxyapatite concentrate (MCHC) is a concentrate of whole bone. As such, MCHC contains calcium, but calcium is only one of many different components necessary to help build and maintain strong bones. MCHC also contains many other minerals, and even significant amounts of specific proteins. To elaborate, the calcium in your bones accounts for approximately 20% of the entire makeup of bone. The other 80% contains phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, and many other minerals, as well as collagen protein. Collagen is also very important to the strength of your bones, by helping prevent them from becoming brittle.

Q: What does it mean on a label when it talks of "elemental" calcium?

A: Calcium in supplements (and in our diet) is always associated (in a chemical or molecular bond) with another substance. That substance may be carbon (forming calcium carbonate), citric acid (forming calcium citrate), or several others. Most labels will list the amount of calcium (without the other carrier substance) to allow consumers to compare one product with another based on the amount of calcium (called "elemental" calcium). This is somewhat misleading, however, as different forms of calcium (calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, etc.) may have different effects on the body. For example, calcium carbonate (one commonly available form), may be poorly absorbed, especially by older people. Calcium carbonate interferes with the production of the very digestive juices required to prepare calcium for absorption. In contrast, calcium as found in MCHC or as calcium citrate, may be better absorbed by many people. Thus, 500 milligrams of "elemental calcium" from calcium carbonate may not provide the same health benefits as 500 milligrams of elemental calcium from MCHC or calcium citrate.

Q: How much calcium is in MCHC?

A: Whole bone is approximately 20% calcium. (As stated before, the other 80% is made up of other minerals such as phosphorus, zinc, copper, etc. and protein). Therefore, MCHC (which is a concentrate of whole bone) contains about 20% calcium. A product containing MCHC will list the amount of elemental calcium (which is the amount of calcium contained in the tablet, separate from the other components).

Q: How is true MCHC produced?

A: Carefully selected New Zealand and Australian veal bones are the source of the highest quality MCHC. New Zealand and Australia were chosen because animals are free-range fed rather than feedlot raised, are completely free of BSE fear exposure and among the healthiest herds in the world. The unspoiled environment of New Zealand and Australia also ensures the world's lowest levels of contaminants such as lead (many times lower than the level determined safe by the U.S. government guidelines). True MCHC is processed without heat to preserve the delicate proteins and processed so that the microcrystalline structure is not lost. Stringent guidelines are followed to ensure purity and activity.

Q: What is the difference between MCHC and bone meal?

A: A great deal. Bone meal is heat-processed and produced from the bones of mature animals. The older the animal, the more time available for environmental contaminants such as lead to accumulate. MCHC is processed at -50 degrees Centigrade from younger animals to preserve the delicate protein matrix and organic factors. (Studies have shown that when these organic factors are destroyed through heat processing, the benefits of MCHC may be lost).

Q: What about impurities such as lead in calcium supplements?

A: Since our environment contains lead, every natural source of calcium will contain some lead. The key is to minimize exposure by selecting the purest possible natural sources of calcium. Since coastal waters are often highly polluted due to rain runoff and river outflow, oyster-shell calcium from these coastal waters would likely contain prohibitively high levels of lead and other contaminants. Bone meal from older animals would also likely contain higher amounts of lead. Selecting a source of MCHC from open-range, younger adult animals, grown in a more pure environment such as New Zealand or Australia, would ensure a more pure starting material. Stringent testing during production and tableting ensures a high-quality calcium supplement. A reputable company will be able to supply assays upon request.

Q: How much calcium should I take?

A: The USRDI (United States Recommended Daily Intake) for calcium has been determined by the FDA to be 1,000 milligrams. The average diet in America provides approximately 700 milligrams per day from all sources, Your intake might be higher if you consume dairy as a regular part of your diet. You may have special needs that change that requirement, however. Such things as disease, injury, pregnancy, lack of exercise, etc. may cause your nutritional needs to change. It's always best to discuss these questions with your healthcare provider rather than relying on what a well-intentioned friend tells you.

Q: How do I know how much calcium is in the product I am taking?

A: Supplement labels in the U.S. are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Supplement manufacturers are held accountable for the accuracy and reliability of the information they provide and the products inside the bottle. Reputable companies are certified for Good Manufacturing Procedures (GMP) for supplements, so careful reading of the label of a reputable company should provide accurate information. For the amount of each mineral, look for "elemental" levels. This is the amount of that mineral, without its associated carriers (such as carbonate, gluconate, etc.).

Q: Which calcium supplement should I take?

A: There are many sources of calcium available (calcium carbonate, gluconate, citrate, lactate, MCHC, etc. etc.), making it very difficult to know which to select. The intended purpose of the supplement may help you decide. Many people supplement with calcium to support muscle and nerve health, or because they read that calcium may be able to prevent leg cramps; others because they want healthy bones. Bones are made up of much more than just calcium, so if your goal is healthy bones it makes sense to look for a comprehensive "bone health" supplement, which would contain more than just calcium alone.

Return to Top

Myo-inositol

Q: What is myo-inositol, and how does it differ from "regular" inositol?

A: Myo-inositol is one of eight naturally occurring forms that make up the nutrient inositol. Each one has a slightly different shape and is individually referred to as an isomer. The myo-inositol isomer is the most abundant form found in the central nervous system, where it can be converted into phosphatidyl inositol, a second messenger neurotransmitter. Inositol is the term used to describe the entire group of isomers together.

Q: I am taking lithium, and have heard that myo-inositol might be good for control of depression as well. Is it safe to take them together?

A: Not without specifically discussing this question with your healthcare provider. In this case, myo-inositol may reduce or diminish the effects of lithium. You should always discuss any medications, nutritional supplements or herbs with healthcare provider to ensure maximum benefit to you. Be sure and bring up this and any other nutritional or medical question with your health care practitioner.

Return to Top

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)

Q: Why does N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have such a strong smell?

A: N-acetylcysteine is a sulfur-containing compound, and the sulfur gives it a very strong odor. Sulfur's characteristic "rotten-egg" smell is called that because eggs contain high amounts of sulfur which is freed and releases its odor as the egg decays.

Return to Top

Perilla

Q: What is perilla?

A: Perilla is a unique herb native to Eastern Asia that is a member of the mint family. The seed of perilla contains a unique blend of biologically active compounds that are known to possess unique health-promoting qualities.

Q: What are its uses?

A: Perilla has long been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to relieve symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and indigestion. In Kampo (a Japanese variant of TCM), perilla is an active ingredient in Saiboku-to-a medicinal preparation prescribed for asthma. Scientific studies on perilla extract show it may regulate immune activity in the allergic response.

Q: How long has it been available?

A: The perilla plant has been used in TCM for over a century. Recently, a concentrated extract of the flavonoid-rich seed has become available as a dietary supplement in the United States.

Q: How can perilla help me, specifically?

A: Perilla seed extract may help suppress histamine release and other processes involved in the allergic response to certain foods, pollens, dust mites, molds, etc. Therefore, you may notice enhanced respiratory health.

Q: How does it differ from other herbs?

A: Other herbs may not contain this unique blend of compounds, such as luteolin and rosmarinic acid, that have been scientifically shown to target multiple phases in the allergic response.

Q: What is the recommended dosage?

A: Take 100 mg twice daily.

Q: Are there any adverse effects?

A: Although many products with similar applications may produce unwanted effects such as drowsiness or hyperactivity, empirical evidence from a long history of traditional use suggests perilla extract may not cause significant side effects. More human research is needed to give a definitive answer.

Q: Can I take perilla seed extract if I am pregnant or nursing?

A: Due to lack of testing in these conditions, perilla is not recommended.

Q: Are there any drug interactions with perilla seed?

A: None known.

Return to Top

Policosanol

Q: What exactly is policosanol?

A: Policosanol is a group of natural compounds, such as octacosanol, that can be found in some dietary supplements that support cardiovascular health. It has been clinically demonstrated to help lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol, while increasing the "good" HDL cholesterol. In addition, policosanol may provide secondary support for blood vessel (e.g., artery) integrity, blood flow, and blood pressure.

Q: How does policosanol promote healthy cholesterol levels?

A: Policosanol may indirectly inhibit HMG-CoA reductase-a key enzyme involved in cholesterol production. In addition, policosanol may bind to blood lipids to facilitate their removal.

Q: How does sugarcane-derived policosanol differ from other forms of policosanol?

A: Unlike other forms of policosanol, sugarcane-derived policosanol has been extensively researched. In fact, over 20 published studies have demonstrated its cardiovascular benefits.

Q: Is it safe?

A: Policosanol has been clinically demonstrated to provide safe and effective support without serious adverse effects.

Q: What is the recommended dosage of policosanol?

A: Policosanol provides effective support with only 5 to 20 mg daily.

Q: Can I take policosanol if I am pregnant or nursing?

A: Ask your healthcare provider if you are pregnant or nursing before taking policosanol.

Q: Are there any drug interactions with policosanol?

A: Policosanol is contraindicated with blood pressure and anticoagulant/antiplatelet (blood thinning) medications. Consult your healthcare provider if you are taking any prescription or over-the-counter medications before use.

Q: Where can I buy sugarcane-derived policosanol?

A: Policosanol can be recommended and sold through your healthcare provider.

Return to Top

Probiotics

Q: Should an infant take acidophilus? I have heard they should only take bifidobacteria.

A: While it is true that bifidobacteria is commonly found in the digestive tract of healthy infants, remember that there are hundreds of different bacteria strains in a healthy digestive tract. Different strains such as Lactobacillus acidophilus may provide specific and desired health benefits and could be part of your healthcare provider's strategy. Be sure and discuss this with your nutritionally oriented healthcare practitioner.

Q: Can I take probiotics if I am on an antibiotic?

A: Antibiotics can't tell the difference between friendly and unfriendly bacteria. If you take antibiotics at the same time as probiotics (friendly bacteria), the probiotics may be killed off. But also remember that one of the side effects of antibiotic use is diarrhea, which is believed to be related to the loss of friendly bacteria due to the antibiotics. To try to prevent that, many people take probiotics during the time they take antibiotics, but they space the dosages of the two apart by at least one to two hours. Before you try this for yourself, however be sure and discuss it with your healthcare provider.

Q: I have heard that human strains of probiotics are the best. Is that true?

A: Partly. While it is true that the most beneficial probiotics (friendly bacteria) can be isolated from human digestive tracts, certainly not all strains found there are healthful. In the womb, the baby's digestive tract is virtually sterile; the bacteria that will grow there following birth are due to exposure from the mother in the birth canal or at the breast during breast-feeding. Historically, our diet has contained additional sources of probiotics, including yogurt, buttermilk, fermented cheeses, and even sauerkraut. So-called "human strains" of probiotics did not originate in humans, therefore, but came originally from consuming them as part of a healthy diet. There are hundreds of different strains of bacteria living in the colon of a healthy person. Some of them confer benefits to humans, others are potentially harmful, and some can be either. A better question would be to determine the potential that specific strains of bacteria have for providing reliable and consistent health benefits.

Return to Top

Proline-Rich Polypeptide (PRP) Complex

Q: What is a PRP complex?

A: PRP complex is a bovine colostrum-derived extract of proline-rich peptides consisting of less than 0.1% total colostrum. By virtue of a new, patented extraction technology, this naturally occurring protein from colostrum is showing exciting promise in protecting brain cells and promoting healthy brain aging.

Q: What does “healthy brain aging” mean?

A: Many people equate getting older with memory loss and impaired cognition. Indeed, more than 24 million people worldwide have age-related cognitive impairment, and that number is increasing rapidly. Neuron impairment and oxidative stress naturally increase with age and are key factors contributing to memory loss and cognitive impairment. PRP complex promotes healthy brain aging by protecting the neuronal structure responsible for synthesizing acetylcholine and moderating oxidative stress, thereby aiding memory and cognition. Furthermore, in laboratory tests, PRP complex was shown to help maintain the stability of betaamyloid, a substance whose breakdown appears to be associated with certain aspects of normal brain aging. The benefits of PRP complex for "healthy brain aging" have been confirmed in numerous clinical trials.

Q: Who might benefit from PRP complex?

A: PRP complex may be beneficial for adults concerned with healthy brain aging. Since its mechanism of action does not affect acetylcholine (the neurotransmitter responsible for memory, speech, and reasoning), PRP complex may offer healthy, younger adults (younger than age 65) the opportunity to take action early to support healthy brain aging.

PRP complex should not be used by children or women who are pregnant or nursing, as it has not been tested in these individuals. Anyone with suppressed immune function or taking immunomodulating agents should consult their healthcare practitioner before using PRP complex. Follow dosing instructions as outlined on the label.

Q: Is PRP complex safe?

A: The source of PRP complex is bovine colostrum made by the mother’s body to boost her newborn’s immune and neurologic systems. PRP complex has been studied extensively over the last several decades. The safety and lack of toxicity of PRP complex is well documented and supported by both animal and human studies. However, those with dairy sensitivities should consult their practitioner prior to using PRP.

Q: Is a person taking colostrum getting enough PRP complex?

A: No. The amounts of PRP complex in colostrum are minute. Using a new, patented technology, PRP complex is separated from whole colostrum, unveiling the full biological activity of these unique peptides. Also, the micellar structure of casein in colostrum may reduce the availability of the peptides, which are entrapped in casein and subsequently decrease the potency of its biological effects, making PRP complex more bioactive and bioavailable than plain colostrum.

Q: How is PRP complex different than colostrum?

A: Unlike whole colostrum, PRP complex influences healthy brain function and is designed to exclude
allergens commonly associated with milk products.

Q: Can people with dairy sensitivities use PRP complex?

A: Yes, unless individuals are particularly sensitive. It is free of intact proteins (e.g., casein) associated with milk allergies, as well as lipids, minerals, and most carbohydrates (lactose). It is important to remember that food allergies and sensitivities can be complex. PRP complex may not be appropriate for individuals with severe milk allergies.

Q: Why should someone take PRP complex when there are so many other brain foods and neuroprotective agents available?

A: PRP complex is unique, natural, and safe. It has been studied extensively and its safety and lack of toxicity are well-documented and supported by both animal and human studies. PRP complex has been shown to protect the neuronal structures responsible for making neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, which diminishes with age. Its powerful neuroprotective properties, in combination with its lack of neurotransmitter stimulating focus, make it suitable for adults wishing to use a natural product that does not influence neurotransmitters.

Q: How does PRP complex compare with Ginkgo biloba for neuroprotection?

A: Gingko biloba, extracted from the leaves of the maiden hair tree, targets circulation. Ginkgo is primarily used to increase the blood supply to the brain by dilating blood vessels, reducing blood viscosity, modifying acetylcholine, and reducing the density of free radicals (oxidative stress). Ginkgo’s influence on acetylcholine positions this herb as beneficial for the older individual experiencing declining acetylcholine levels. Gingko’s inhibition of the platelet-activating factor may be an issue if used in conjunction with certain anti-platelet agents.

In contrast, PRP complex does not directly influence acetylcholine. Rather, PRP complex protects the structures responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters.

Q: How does PRP complex compare with huperzine A for neuroprotection?

A: Huperzine A is a cognition-enhancing herb isolated from the Chinese Huperzia serrata. Huperzine A works as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, a compound that inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine and cerebral antioxidants. However, over time, as the brain produces less and less acetylcholine, this mechanism of action becomes less effective.

By comparison, PRP complex protects brain cells from oxidative damage without directly altering acetylcholine concentration.

Q: How does PRP complex compare with vinpocetine for neuroprotection?

A: Vinpocetine is extracted from the leaves of the periwinkle (Vinca minor) plant. Like ginkgo extract, vinpocetine is a powerful botanical cognitive enhancer that helps to maintain healthy circulation in the brain, thus aiding in memory and the concentration of certain neurotransmitters involved in memory formation such as acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin.

By comparison, PRP complex protects the structures responsible for synthesis of acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters. It does not directly affect the levels of these neurotransmitters.

Q: Can PRP complex be used safely with the above-mentioned herbs?

A: PRP complex may be utilized along with botanicals such as purified huperzine A, Ginkgo biloba extract, and vinpocetine when an individual is showing the early signs of age-related mild cognitive decline such as forgetfulness or minor lapses in memory. These mental processes, including critical thinking, concentration, and speech, are dependent on continued neuroprotection and adequate acetylcholine. In younger individuals, PRP complex, taken with omega-3-fatty acids (EPA/DHA) from high quality cold-water fish plus a multivitamin/mineral, may provide excellent neuroprotection.

Q: How long should a person use PRP complex to get the health benefits?

A: Clinically beneficial effects have been delivered in as little as 100 mcg of PRP complex taken every other day for three weeks followed by a two-week break. This specific dosing regimen was established as effective in clinical research. No other natural agent has demonstrated these benefits at such a minimal amount, making PRP complex a safe, potent, and cost-effective neuroprotective agent.

Return to Top

Vitamin D

Q: Do I need vitamin D for bone health?

A: Yes. Vitamin D is considered an essential nutrient, meaning that for adequate health a certain amount of it must be consumed on a daily basis. Your body is able to store vitamin D, as it is a fat-soluble nutrient, and therefore some caution must be exercised, as too much of it may be harmful. Some people probably consume enough vitamin D in their diets so that they don't need additional supplements, but some notable exceptions include the elderly, those with compromised digestion, those who don't consume dairy products regularly, and others. As vitamin D can also be manufactured by your skin from direct contact with sunlight, those who live in northerly climates or who don't go out in the sun regularly may also be at risk. It is important to discuss with your healthcare provider your diet and lifestyle, and whether you would benefit from additional supplementation with vitamin D.

Return to Top

Zinc-Carnosine

Q: What is zinc-carnosine?

A: Zinc-carnosine is a specific chelate of zinc that has been the subject of over 20 scientific studies, including at least 6 clinical trials, for its role in supporting stomach health. Research suggests it helps modulate the growth of Helicobacter pylori and promote healing of the stomach lining. It also has been clinically demonstrated to relieve symptoms of indigestion, such as:

  • Heartburn
  • Upset stomach
  • Bloating
  • Nausea
  • Belching
  • Burping

Q: Who would benefit from zinc-carnosine?

A: With as many as 25% to 40% of Americans suffering from occasional indigestion, numerous individuals could potentially benefit from the stomach-supportive properties of zinc-carnosine.

Q: How does it work?

A: Zinc-carnosine dissolves rapidly and absorbs easily in the stomach. It appears to adhere directly to wound sites of the stomach and exert tissue-supportive effects, such as:

  • Modulating the growth of H. pylori
  • Protecting the stomach lining by stimulating mucus secretion
  • Protecting the integrity of stomach cells through antioxidant properties
  • Attenuating stomach inflammation by inhibiting cytokine expression

Q: What makes zinc-carnosine unique?

A: Unlike some conventional products, zinc-carnosine provides relief of indigestion without suppressing stomach acid and possibly impacting digestive function. Different from some competitive nutritional supplements, this zinc-carnosine chelate has also been shown to be three times more effective than zinc sulfate and L-carnosine alone.

Q: Is it safe?

A: In human studies, zinc-carnosine has been shown to have an excellent safety profile.

Q: Does it have any adverse effects?

A: Results of clinical trials have shown zinc-carnosine does not carry significant adverse effects.

Q: Does zinc-carnosine interfere with antibiotic therapy?

A: Actually, zinc-carnosine has been scientifically shown to enhance the benefits of antibiotic therapy in H. pylori eradication.

Q: Where is zinc-carnosine sold?

A: A high potency zinc-carnosine chelate is available through licensed healthcare professionals.

Return to Top

Dosing & Recommendations

Q: When should I stop taking the vitamins recommended by my healthcare provider?

A: You should continue to take the supplements recommended by your healthcare provider until they instruct you to change dosage or stop taking them.

Q: Should I take the vitamins in the morning or at night?

A: To date, no specific research has been that definitively answer that question, although arguments could be made to support taking supplements in the morning, at night, or even for other times (such as at mealtime, for instance). The most important step is to take them.

Q: Can I still take vitamins if I have a cold or flu?

A: While boosting a healthy immune system is where nutritional supplements and herbs have been shown to have their best effects, it may be helpful to continue on your supplement program if advised to do so by your healthcare provider.

Q: Can I still take vitamins if I am involved with a detoxification program?

A: Detoxification is a complex, energy-demanding process. The hundreds of different enzymes and biochemical pathways involved in detoxification require the presence of specific vitamins and minerals in order to function optimally. Additionally, research has shown that the process of detoxification can be compromised by insufficient energy reserves in the form of readily available calories. It is important to discuss your specific nutrition requirements with your healthcare provider, especially during detoxification programs.

Q: Should I take extra antioxidants if I am working out?

A: Exercise increases the flow of blood to the muscles, to deliver more oxygen and other nutrients. As oxygen usage increases, so does the production of free radicals. Since antioxidants help protect against the damage caused by free radicals, it would be sensible to increase your body's supply of antioxidants. The important first step in doing so is to eat a diet rich in fresh vegetables and fruits, since that is where many of the antioxidants are found in the first place. A good, broad-based nutritional supplement may be helpful in filling in any gaps in your diet, but should never be used instead of eating a healthy diet. Remember to always discuss your nutritional supplement use with your healthcare provider.

Q: Will I destroy any of the properties in a tablet if I crush it?

A: Generally, no. Sometimes crushing a tablet and sprinkling the powder on apple sauce or some other food helps those who have difficulty swallowing tablets. The only exception to this is if the supplement is enterically coated to allow it remain intact in the stomach and break down in the small intestine. Crushing the tablet may reduce the amount of the nutrient that gets into the bloodstream, so if you have any questions please discuss them with your healthcare provider on your next visit.

Q: Should supplements be taken with food?

A: Certain supplements are meant to support the digestive process itself, so of course they should be taken at or near mealtime. In those cases, your healthcare provider probably gave you specific instructions.

No scientific studies have been conducted to definitively answer whether absorption of vitamins and minerals is better when supplements are taken with meals or away from meals, and a case could be made for either position. Many people find that taking supplements (including herbal supplements) with their meals has the benefits of convenience and a reduced potential for stomach upset, however.

Q: When should a child take vitamins?

A: Both children and adults should always strive to eat a healthy diet, full of various different naturally colorful vegetables and fruits (it is the substances that give color to our food that often contain the greatest value!) A nutritional supplement should be taken to improve the overall value of the diet, not to replace the necessity of healthy dietary choices. But because in our hectic lifestyle many people cannot, or do not make the healthiest choices, a basic nutritional supplement targeted towards children's increased nutritional needs makes good nutritional "insurance."

Q: Should an infant take acidophilus? I have heard they should only take bifidobacteria.

A: While it is true that Bifidobacteria are commonly found in the digestive tract of healthy infants, remember that there are hundreds of different bacteria strains in a healthy digestive tract. Different strains such as Lactobacillus acidophilus may provide specific and desired health benefits and could be part of your healthcare provider's strategy. Be sure and discuss this with your nutritionally oriented healthcare practitioner.

Q: When is the best time to take glutamine-containing supplements, with food or without food?

A: Glutamine-containing supplements can be taken with or without food.

Return to Top

Glycemic Index

Q: What is the "glycemic index"?

A: The glycemic index (GI) is a ranking of foods on a scale from 0 to 100 according to the extent to which they raise blood sugar levels after eating. Glucose is given a relative number of 100 to provide a baseline to which all others can be compared. For example, an apple has a glycemic index of 38 which is less than half that of glucose, but higher than soybeans (which have a glycemic index of 18). Other common foods and their corresponding glycemic indices: corn flakes (84), dark rye bread (80), and bananas (54). Foods with a glycemic index of 55 or less are considered to be low-glycemic-index foods.

Return to Top